THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH ON RURAL HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: A MODERATING ROLE OF CULTURE IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/Keywords:
Education, Health, Rural Poverty, Culture, PunjabAbstract
The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the impact of education and health as a chief socio-economic determinant on rural poverty moderated by the role of Culture. An exhaustive literature has been explored the nexus between education, health and rural poverty, which provides a foundation for the further research. The findings of this paper indicate that the education and health create a strong impact on the alleviation of rural poverty. This study presents a brief overview for the alleviation of poverty to the policy makers in Pakistan. The findings for this paper can be adopted by the educational specialist for the development of proper educational policies and health strategies. Education and health show the significant impact on rural poverty and culture is a strong determinant that effect the rural poverty strongly. The empirical investigation of this paper could offer the base to the ministry of education to invest in education. This is a useful paper which propose a useful testable model for the study in Pakistan rural areas to fill the gaps of rural poverty literature.
References
Afzal, A., Mirza, N., & Arshad, F. (2020). Pakistan’s poverty puzzle: role of foreign aid, democracy & media. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1-15.
Afzal, M., Malik, M. E., Begum, I., Sarwar, K., & Fatima, H. (2012). Relationship among education, poverty and economic growth in Pakistan: An econometric analysis. Journal of Elementary Education, 22(1), 23-45.
Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. Z., MacLennan, M., Dorin, F., Ahmed, M. W., Hasan, M. M., . . . Khan, J. A. (2019). Measuring the efficiency of health systems in Asia: a data envelopment analysis. BMJ open, 9(3), e022155.
Akerele, D., Momoh, S., Adewuyi, S. A., Phillip, B. B., & Ashaolu, O. F. (2012). Socioeconomic determinants of poverty among urban households in South-West Nigeria. International journal of social economics, 39(3), 168-181.
Akhtar, R., Liu, H., & Ali, A. (2017). Influencing factors of poverty in Pakistan: Time series analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(2), 215.
Ali, A. & Naeem, M.Z. (2017). Trade Liberalization and Fiscal Management of Pakistan: A Brief Overview. Policy Brief-Department of Economics, PU, Lahore. 2017 (1), 1-6.
Ali, A. (2011). Disaggregated import demand functions of Pakistan; An empirical Analysis. M-Phil Thesis, NCBA&E, Lahore, Pakistan, 1-70.
Ali, A. (2015). The impact of macroeconomic instability on social progress: an empirical analysis of Pakistan. (Doctoral dissertation, National College of Business Administration & Economics Lahore).
Ali, A. (2018). Issue of Income Inequality Under the Perceptive of Macroeconomic Instability: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 56(1), 121-155.
Ali, A. and Bibi, C. (2017). Determinants of Social Progress and its Scenarios under the role of Macroeconomic Instability: Empirics from Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 55 (2), 505-540.
Ali, A., & Ahmad, K. (2014). The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Life Expectancy in Sultanate of Oman: An Empirical Analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2), 218-224.
Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2016). The Impact of Income Inequality, Environmental Degradation and Globalization on Life Expectancy in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4 (4), 182-193.
Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Environment and Taxes Revenues in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(1), 30-39.
Ali, A., & Rehman, H. U. (2015). Macroeconomic instability and its impact on the gross domestic product: an empirical analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 285-316.
Ali, A., & Şenturk, I. (2019). Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 8(3), 140-154.
Ali, A., & Zulfiqar, K. (2018). An Assessment of Association between Natural Resources Agglomeration and Unemployment in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 19(1), 110-126.
Ali, A., Ahmed, F., & Rahman, F. U. (2016). Impact of Government Borrowing on Financial Development (A case study of Pakistan). Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(3), 135-143.
Ali, A., Audi, M., & Roussel, Y. (2021). Natural Resources Depletion, Renewable Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing World. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 251-260.
Ali, A., Audi, M., Bibi, C., & Roussel, Y. (2021). The Impact of Gender Inequality and Environmental Degradation on Human Well-being in the Case of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(2), 92-99.
Ali, A., Mujahid, N., Rashid, Y., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Human capital outflow and economic misery: Fresh evidence for Pakistan. Social Indicators Research, 124(3), 747-764.
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7), 476-487.
Alkire, S., & Seth, S. (2015). Multidimensional poverty reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: Where and how? World Development, 72, 93-108.
Alkire, S., & Sumner, A. (2013). Multidimensional poverty and the post-2015 MDGs. Development, 56(1), 46-51.
Amjad, R., & Kemal, A. R. (1997). Macroeconomic policies and their impact on poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 39-68.
Anka, L. M. (2009). Empirical analysis of the determinants of rural poverty in Sindh province of Pakistan. University of Sindh Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan,
Anwar, T. (2005). Long-term changes in income distribution in Pakistan: Evidence based on consistent series of estimates. CRPRID, Islamabad.(Discussion PaperNo. 3).
Anwar, T., & Qureshi, S. K. (2002). Trends in absolute poverty in Pakistan: 1990-91 and 2001. The Pakistan Development Review, 859-878.
Arif, G., & Iqbal, N. (2009). Infrastructure and poverty nexus: The case of rural Pakistan. Paper presented at the Islamic International University, Islamabad.(Conference Paper.).
Arshad, S., & Ali, A. (2016). Trade-off between Inflation, Interest and Unemployment Rate of Pakistan: Revisited. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(4), 193-209.
Ashraf, I., & Ali, A. (2018). Socio-Economic Well-Being and Women Status in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(2), 46-58.
Ashraf, M. A. (2017). Poverty and Its Alleviation: The Case of Pakistan. Poverty, Inequality and Policy, 49.
Audi, M & Ali, A. (2017). Socio-Economic Status and Life Expectancy in Lebanon: An Empirical Analysis. Archives of Business Research, 5(11), 159-170
Audi, M. & Ali, A. (2017). Environmental Degradation, Energy consumption, Population Density and Economic Development in Lebanon: A time series Analysis (1971-2014). Journal of International Finance and Economics, 17(1), 7-20.
Audi, M. Sadiq, A. Ali, A. and Roussel, Y. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Islamic and Non-Islamic Equity and Bonds Indices: Evidence from Selected Emerging and Developed Countries. Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, 16(73), 251– 269.
Audi, M., & Ali, A. (2016). A Causality and Co-integration Analysis of Some Selected Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility: Empirics from Tunisia. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(1), 20-36.
Audi, M., Ali, A., & Al-Masri, R. (2022). Determinants of Advancement in Information Communication Technologies and its Prospect under the role of Aggregate and Disaggregate Globalization. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0009.
Audi, M., Ali, A., & Roussel, Y. (2021). Aggregate and Disaggregate Natural Resources Agglomeration and Foreign Direct Investment in France. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(1), 147-156.
Audi, M., Ali, A., & Roussel, Y. (2021). Measuring the Tax Buoyancy: Empirics from South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Empirical Economics Letters, 20(12).
Audi, M., Ali, A., & Roussel, Y. (2021). The Advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Economic Development: A Panel Analysis. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(4), 1013-1039.
Awan, F. M., Yang, B. B., Naz, A., Hanif, A., Ikram, A., Obaid, A., . . . Sharif, S. (2020). The emerging role and significance of circular RNAs in viral infections and antiviral immune responses: possible implication as theranostic agents. RNA biology, 1-15.
Awan, M. S., Malik, N., Sarwar, H., & Waqas, M. (2011). Impact of education on poverty reduction.
Banharak, S. (2017). Knowledge, Belief, and Decision Making About Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Younger and Older Adult Thai and Laotian Immigrants in the United States. Saint Louis University,
Bank, W. (2009a). World Bank Report. Retrieved from
Bank, W. (2009b). World Development Report Retrieved from
Batul, E., Haseeb, M. A., & Sattar, S. A. (2019). Examining the Relationship between Literacy Rate and Poverty in Pakistan. Kashmir Economic Review, 28(1).
Bayter, O., & Bustelo, F. E. (2019). Education and Poverty in Ibero-Americana Countries. In Strategy and Superior Performance of Micro and Small Businesses in Volatile Economies (pp. 177-206): IGI Global.
Becker, G. S., Murphy, K. M., & Tamura, R. (1990). Human capital, fertility, and economic growth. Journal of political economy, 98(5, Part 2), S12-S37.
Bradshaw, A., McDonagh, P., & Marshall, D. J. J. o. M. M. (2006). No space–New blood and the production of brand culture colonies. 22(5-6), 579-599.
Cameron, L. A. (2000). Poverty and inequality in Java: examining the impact of the changing age, educational and industrial structure. Journal of Development Economics, 62(1), 149-180.
Centre, I. P. (2006). International Poverty Centre Report Retrieved from
Chaudhry, I. S. (2009). Poverty alleviation in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): An empirical evidence from the project area of Asian Development Bank. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 23(23), 23-32.
Chaudhry, I. S., & Rahman, S. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education on rural poverty in Pakistan: an empirical analysis. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 174-188.
Choudhry, A. N., Mutalib, R. A., & Ismail, N. S. A. (2019). Socio-Cultural factors affecting Women Economic Empowerment in Pakistan : A Situation Analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/5842
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research: SAGE publications.
De Gruyter, E., Saunders, C., Stavreski, B., Jennings, G. J. H., Lung, & Circulation. (2019). Impact of Reducing Pre-Hospital Delay in Response to Heart Attack Symptoms in Australia. 28(8), 1154-1160.
De Talancé, M. J. T. J. o. D. S. (2017). Better teachers, better results? Evidence from rural Pakistan. 53(10), 1697-1713.
Durrani, M. K. K., Usman, A., Malik, M. I., & Shafiq, A. (2011). Role of micro finance in reducing poverty: A look at social and economic factors. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(21).
Ennis, C. D. J. J. o. T. i. P. E. (1999). A theoretical framework: The central piece of a research plan. 18(2), 129-140.
Feeny, S., & McDonald, L. (2016). Vulnerability to multidimensional poverty: Findings from households in Melanesia. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(3), 447-464.
Ferreira, F. H., & Lugo, M. A. (2013). Multidimensional poverty analysis: Looking for a middle ground. The World Bank Research Observer, 28(2), 220-235.
Fink, A. (1995). How to design surveys. the survey kit: SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Foster, J. E. (1998). Absolute versus relative poverty. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 335-341.
Fry, K., Firestone, R., & Chakraborty, N. (2014). Measuring equity with nationally representative wealth quintiles. Washington, DC: PSI.
Haider, A., & Ali, A. (2015). Socio-economic determinants of crimes: a cross-sectional study of Punjab districts. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 3(11), 550-560.
Hameed, A., & Karim, S. (2016). Multidimensional Poverty Mapping for Rural Pakistan.
Holloway, I. (1997). Basic concepts for qualitative research: Wiley-Blackwell.
Idrees, M., & Baig, M. (2017). An Empirical Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1).
Imran, C. A. B., Shakir, M. K., & Qureshi, M. A. B. (2021). Regulatory Perspectives on AI in Autonomous Vehicles Global Approaches and Challenges. The Asian Bulletin of Green Management and Circular Economy, 1(1), 62–74.
Imran, C. A. B., Shakir, M. K., & Qureshi, M. A. B. (2022). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Construction Safety and Productivity. The Asian Bulletin of Big Data Management, 2(1), 63-74.
Iqbal, M., Ping, Q., Abid, M., Abbas, A., Bashir, M., & Ullah, R. (2018a). Extent and determinants of rural poverty in Pakistan: Role of adopting risk management strategies. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 28, 1835-1845.
Iqbal, M., Ping, Q., Abid, M., Abbas, A., Bashir, M., & Ullah, R. (2018b). Extent and Determinants of Rural Poverty In Pakistan: Role of Adopting Risk Management Strategies. JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 28(6), 1835-1845.
Iqbal, N., & Awan, M. S. (2015). Determinants of urban poverty: The case of medium sized city in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4 PartI &), 719-738.
Iqbal, N., & Nawaz, S. (2017). Spatial Differences and Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Poverty. The Pakistan Development Review, 56(3), 221-248.
Janjua, A. A., & Awan, A. G. The Development Of Health Sector And Poverty In Pakistan.
Janjua, P. Z., & Kamal, U. A. (2014). The Role of Education and Health in Poverty Alleviation a Cross Country Analysis. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 896-924.
Kassem, M. Ali, A. & Audi, M. (2019). Unemployment Rate, Population Density and Crime Rate in Punjab (Pakistan): An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 8(2), 92-104.
Khan, R. E. A., Rehman, H., & Haq, M. (2015). Determinants of rural household poverty: the role of household socioeconomic empowerment. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci, 15(1), 93-98.
Khatun, R. (2015). The impact of micro-level determinants of poverty in Bangladesh: A field survey. Bangladesh: PKSF, Dhaka.
Kiriti-Nganga, T. (2008). Determinants of Poverty in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Mathare Valley in Nairobi.
Klasen, S., & Reimers, M. J. W. D. (2017). Looking at pro-poor growth from an agricultural perspective. 90, 147-168.
Li, Y., Su, B., & Liu, Y. (2016). Realizing targeted poverty alleviation in China: People’s voices, implementation challenges and policy implications. China Agricultural Economic Review, 8(3), 443-454.
Liu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2019). Rural land engineering and poverty alleviation: Lessons from typical regions in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29(5), 643-657.
Liu, Y., & Xu, Y. (2016). A geographic identification of multidimensional poverty in rural China under the framework of sustainable livelihoods analysis. Applied geography, 73, 62-76.
Liu, Y., Liu, J., & Zhou, Y. (2017). Spatio-temporal patterns of rural poverty in China and targeted poverty alleviation strategies. Journal of Rural Studies, 52, 66-75.
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
Mehmood, A. Siddique, H. M. A., and Ali, A. (2022). Impact of Health on Worker Productivity: Evidence from South Asia. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 11(2), 1-8.
Memon, G. R. (2007). Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new challenges. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), 47-55.
Mughal, W. H. (2007). Human Capital Investment and Poverty Reduction Strategy in Pakistan. Labour and Management in Development, 7(4), 1-33.
Naveed, A., & Islam, T.-u. (2012). A New Methodological Framework for Measuring Poverty in Pakistan: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
Nawaz, S., & Iqbal, N. (2016). Education poverty in Pakistan: A spatial analysis at district level. Indian Journal of Human Development, 10(2), 270-287.
Nlerum, F. (2013). Review of evaluation models for determining impact of rural development projects. Spanish Journal of Rural Development, 4(1).
Odusola, A. (2001). Conceptual issues in poverty and poverty measurement. Paper presented at the NCEMA Workshop on poverty alleviation policies and strategies, 15th-26th, October.
Ogwumike, F. (2001). Profile and dimention of Poverty in Nigeria. Paper presented at the NCEMA workshop on poverty reduction, Development policy centre, Ibadan.
Padda, I. U. H., & Hameed, A. (2018). Estimating Multidimensional Poverty Levels in Rural Pakistan: A Contribution to Sustainable Development Policies. Journal of Cleaner Production.
Parveen, K., Juzer, M., & Madani, M. (2017). The sociological study of the emergence of a culture of poverty (social and economic dimensions) discussed with reference to pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 56(2), 113-127.
Rasool, G. R. J. I. J. O. B. S. (2007). Education in Pakistan: The key issues, problems and the new challenges. 3(1).
Roussel, Y., Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2021). Measuring the Money Demand in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 10(1), 27-41.
Roy, J., Tscharket, P., Waisman, H., Abdul Halim, S., Antwi-Agyei, P., Dasgupta, P., . . . Okereke, C. (2018). Sustainable development, poverty eradication and reducing inequalities.
Roy, P., Ray, S., & Haldar, S. K. (2018). Socio-economic Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty in Rural West Bengal: A Household Level Analysis. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 1-20.
Sajid, A. & Ali, A. (2018). Inclusive Growth and Macroeconomic Situations in South Asia: An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(3), 97-109.
Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Khan, B. (2019). Re-examining multidimensional poverty in Pakistan: A new assessment of regional variations. Global Business Review, 0972150919844412.
Salik, M., ZHU, Z., & LIU, B. J. E. J. o. R. i. S. S. V. (2014). Sociology of higher education: A case study of pakistan. 2(3).
Sarfraz, M., Tariq, S., Hamid, S., & Iqbal, N. J. J. o. A. M. C. A. (2016). Social and societal barriers in utilization of maternal health care services in rural punjab, Pakistan. 27(4), 843-849.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (1992). Business Research Methods. In: McGraw-Hill.
Sen, A. (1990). Development as capability expansion, in. Paper presented at the University of Oxford] At.
Şentürk, İ., & Ali, A. (2021). Socioeconomic Determinants of Gender Specific Life Expectancy in Turkey: A Time Series Analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 85-111.
Shaikh, B. T. J. J. o. A. M. C. A. (2015). Private sector in health care delivery: a reality and a challenge in Pakistan. 27(2), 496-498.
Shams, K. (2014). Determinants of subjective well-being and poverty in rural Pakistan: A micro-level study. Social indicators research, 119(3), 1755-1773.
Singh, K., Singh, R., Meena, M., Kumar, A., Jha, A., & Kumar, A. (2013). Determinants of Rural Poverty: An Empirical Study of Socio-Economic Factors in Jharkhand, India.
Sutter, C., Bruton, G. D., & Chen, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship as a Solution to Desperate Poverty: A Review and Future Directions. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings.
Tasleem, Z. (2020). Does education eliminate the rural poverty in Pakistan? Competitive Social Science Research Journal, 1(3), 21-31.
UNESCO. (2004). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Figures. Retrieved from
UNO. (2008). Millinium Development Goals. Retrieved from
Usman, M. (2009). Socio-economic Determinants of Poverty. An MSc Thesis to be Submitted to Aalborg University. Denmark. 13p.
Vijaya, R. M., Lahoti, R., & Swaminathan, H. (2014). Moving from the household to the individual: Multidimensional poverty analysis. World development, 59, 70-81.
Withers, M., Kharazmi, N., & Lim, E. (2018). Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: A review of the evidence from Asian countries. Midwifery, 56, 158-170.
Wlodzimierz, O. (1999). Who Avoids and Who Escapes from Poverty during the Transition? Evidence from Polish Panel Data, 1993-96. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2218.
Woo, J., Yu, R., Cheung, K., & Lai, E. (2020). How Much Money Is Enough? Poverty and Health in Older People. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 24(10), 1111-1115.
Yusuf, M.-B. O., Shirazi, N. S., & Mat Ghani, G. (2016). An empirical analysis of factors that determine poverty among the beneficiaries of Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 10(3), 306-320.
Zahra, K., & Zafar, T. (2015). Marginality and multidimensional poverty: A case study of Christian community of Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 9(2), 322-335.
