PAST ABUSIVE SUPERVISION, HINDRANCE APPRAISAL AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/Keywords:
Past abusive supervision, Hindrance appraisal,, Posttraumatic stress, Social SupportAbstract
The aim of this study is to propose and assess a framework that suggests how abusive supervision that has occurred in the past, has residual effects on victims long after they have left those jobs. Using a trauma lens, the paper aims to suggest how past abuse generates an outcome through the process hindrance appraisal. Furthermore, this research proposes that social support acts as a moderator in the relationship between hindrance appraisal and posttraumatic stress. This study draws from the Conservation of Resource Theory and the Transactional Stress Theory to address the links that are proposed. Using a time-lagged design, full-time employees working in diverse sectors of Pakistan were surveyed and data were collected (N=336). In order to evaluate the hypothesized model, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted. Further, to validate the indirect and moderating effects, Process MACRO was used. The results of the study demonstrated that past abusive supervision is positively linked to posttraumatic stress where the effect was positive and significant. Furthermore, hindrance appraisal for stressors had a positive and significant relationship with posttraumatic stress. Results from the indirect effects showed that the effects were significant. In addition, hindrance appraisal mediated the link between past abusive supervision and posttraumatic stress for which the effect was also significant. Lastly, the findings showed that social support moderated the link between hindrance appraisal and posttraumatic stress such that the relationship was weaker in the presence of the moderator.
References
Abbas, M., Malik, M., & Sarwat, N. (2021). Consequences of job insecurity for hospitality workers amid COVID-19 pandemic: does social support help? Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(8), 957-981.
Adams, G. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work–family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of applied psychology, 81(4), 411.
Ali, A. (2018). Issue of Income Inequality Under the Perceptive of Macroeconomic Instability: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 56(1), 121-155.
Ali, A. and Bibi, C. (2017). Determinants of Social Progress and its Scenarios under the role of Macroeconomic Instability: Empirics from Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 55 (2), 505-540.
Ali, A., & Ahmad, K. (2014). The Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Life Expectancy in Sultanate of Oman: An Empirical Analysis. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 22(2), 218-224.
Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2016). The Impact of Income Inequality, Environmental Degradation and Globalization on Life Expectancy in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4 (4), 182-193.
Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2018). Macroeconomic Environment and Taxes Revenues in Pakistan: An Application of ARDL Approach. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(1), 30-39.
Ali, A., & Rehman, H. U. (2015). Macroeconomic instability and its impact on the gross domestic product: an empirical analysis of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 285-316.
Ali, A., & Şenturk, I. (2019). Justifying the Impact of Economic Deprivation, Maternal Status and Health infrastructure on Under-Five Child Mortality in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 8(3), 140-154.
Ali, A., & Zulfiqar, K. (2018). An Assessment of Association between Natural Resources Agglomeration and Unemployment in Pakistan. Pakistan Vision, 19(1), 110-126.
Ali, A., Ahmed, F., & Rahman, F. U. (2016). Impact of Government Borrowing on Financial Development (A case study of Pakistan). Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 5(3), 135-143.
Ali, A., Audi, M., & Roussel, Y. (2021). Natural Resources Depletion, Renewable Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation: A Comparative Analysis of Developed and Developing World. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 251-260.
Ali, A., Audi, M., Bibi, C., & Roussel, Y. (2021). The Impact of Gender Inequality and Environmental Degradation on Human Well-being in the Case of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(2), 92-99.
Ali, M., Hayat, K., Sarwat, N., & Qureshi, J. (2011). Job attitudes as a predictor of employee performance: Evidence from public sector of Pakistan. interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Re-search in Business, 3(4), 631.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of occupational health psychology, 22(3), 273.
Bancroft, L. (2003). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men. Penguin.
Blumberg, B., Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2008). Quantitative and qualitative research. M. Hill, Business Research Methods, 2008, 191-222.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (Vol. 210). John Wiley & Sons.
Cassum, L. A. (2014). Verbal violence at workplace: A reality from Pakistani context. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4(8).
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), 310.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 38(4), 319-345.
Fairbrother, N., & Rachman, S. (2006). PTSD in victims of sexual assault: Test of a major component of the Ehlers–Clark theory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(2), 74-93.
Fischer, T., Tian, A. W., Lee, A., & Hughes, D. J. (2021). Abusive supervision: A systematic review and fundamental rethink. The Leadership Quarterly, 101540.
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post‐traumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress, 6(4), 459-473.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 50(3), 571.
Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1995). Black (1995), Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersy: Prentice Hall.
Hayes, A. F. (2020). Statistical methods for communication science. Routledge.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
Hobman, E. V., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., & Tang, R. L. (2009). Abusive supervision in advising relationships: Investigating the role of social support. Applied Psychology, 58(2), 233-256.
Imran, C. A. B., Shakir, M. K., & Qureshi, M. A. B. (2021). Regulatory Perspectives on AI in Autonomous Vehicles Global Approaches and Challenges. The Asian Bulletin of Green Management and Circular Economy, 1(1), 62–74.
Imran, C. A. B., Shakir, M. K., & Qureshi, M. A. B. (2022). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Construction Safety and Productivity. The Asian Bulletin of Big Data Management, 2(1), 63-74.
Ismail, K. M., Richard, O. C., & Taylor, E. C. (2012). Relationship conflict in supervisor subordinate dyads: a subordinate perspective. International Journal of Conflict Management, 23(2), 192-218.
Jamaludin, N., Ibrahim, R. Z. A. R., & Dagang, M. (2018). Social support as a moderator of the relationship between work family conflict and family satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 8(9), 951-962.
Javed, B., Fatima, T., Yasin, R. M., Jahanzeb, S., & Rawwas, M. Y. (2019). Impact of abusive supervision on deviant work behavior: The role of Islamic work ethic. Business Ethics: A European Review, 28(2), 221-233.
Kauffman, J. (2002). The series in trauma and loss. Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss. Brunner-Routledge.
Lavoie, C. É., Vallerand, R. J., & Verner-Filion, J. (2021). Passion and emotions: The mediating role of cognitive appraisals. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101907.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.
LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of management journal, 48(5), 764-775.
LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016). Turning their pain to gain: charismatic leader influence on follower stress appraisal and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 59(3), 1036-1059.
Li, P., Taris, T. W., & Peeters, M. C. (2020). Challenge and hindrance appraisals of job demands: one man’s meat, another man’s poison? Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(1), 31-46.
Lu, M. H., Wang, G. H., Lei, H., Shi, M. L., Zhu, R., & Jiang, F. (2018). Social support as mediator and moderator of the relationship between parenting stress and life satisfaction among the Chinese parents of children with ASD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 48(4), 1181-1188.
Mackey, J. D., Frieder, R. E., Brees, J. R., & Martinko, M. J. (2017). Abusive supervision: A meta-analysis and empirical review. Journal of management, 43(6), 1940-1965.
Maitlis, S. (2020). Posttraumatic growth at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 395-419.
Marchiondo, L. A., Cortina, L. M., & Kabat‐Farr, D. (2018). Attributions and appraisals of workplace incivility: finding light on the dark side? Applied psychology, 67(3), 369-400.
Matavelli, R. D., de Jesus, S. N., Pinto, P., & Viseu, J. (2020). Social support as a moderator of the relationship between financial threat and life satisfaction. Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 8(1), 16-28.
Mehmood, A. Siddique, H. M. A., and Ali, A. (2022). Impact of Health on Worker Productivity: Evidence from South Asia. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 11(2), 1-8.
Meijen, C., Turner, M., Jones, M. V., Sheffield, D., & McCarthy, P. (2020). A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes: A revised conceptualization. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 126.
Mitchell, R., Brennan, K., Curran, D., Hanna, D., & Dyer, K. F. (2017). A meta‐analysis of the association between appraisals of trauma and posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 88-93.
Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Kobylarczyk, M. (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: the role of stress appraisal. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 22(1), 40-48.
Oh, J. K., & Farh, C. I. (2017). An emotional process theory of how subordinates appraise, experience, and respond to abusive supervision over time. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 207-232.
Peltokorpi, V. (2019). Abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion: the moderating role of power distance orientation and the mediating role of interaction avoidance. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(3), 251-275.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
Pradhan, S., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Effect of abusive supervision on employee’s intention to quit and the neutralizing role of meaningful work in Indian IT organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
Rossato, C. J., Uphill, M. A., Swain, J., & Coleman, D. A. (2018). The development and preliminary validation of the Challenge and Threat in Sport (CAT-Sport) Scale. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(2), 164-177.
Roussel, Y., Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2021). Measuring the Money Demand in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 10(1), 27-41.
Sajid, A. & Ali, A. (2018). Inclusive Growth and Macroeconomic Situations in South Asia: An Empirical Analysis. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 7(3), 97-109.
Sarwat, N., & Abbas, M. (2020). Individual knowledge creation ability: dispositional antecedents and relationship to innovative performance. European Journal of Innovation Management.
Schmid, E. A., Pircher Verdorfer, A., & Peus, C. V. (2018). Different shades—different effects? Consequences of different types of destructive leadership. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1289.
Şentürk, İ., & Ali, A. (2021). Socioeconomic Determinants of Gender Specific Life Expectancy in Turkey: A Time Series Analysis. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 85-111.
Szkody, E., Stearns, M., Stanhope, L., & McKinney, C. (2020). Stress‐Buffering Role of Social Support during COVID‐19. Family process.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of traumatic stress, 9(3), 455-471.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of management journal, 43(2), 178-190.
Vogel, R. M., & Bolino, M. C. (2020). Recurring nightmares and silver linings: understanding how past abusive supervision may lead to posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Academy of Management Review, 45(3), 549-569.
Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., Tepper, B. J., Restubog, S. L., Hu, C., Hua, W., & Huang, J. C. (2015). A cross‐cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 720-745.
Williams, S. D., & Williams, J. (2020). Posttraumatic stress in organizations: types, antecedents, and consequences. Business and Society Review, 125(1), 23-40.
Yousaf, S., Rasheed, M. I., Hameed, Z., & Luqman, A. (2019). Occupational stress and its outcomes: the role of work-social support in the hospitality industry. Personnel Review.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
