Assessing the Economic Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture in Punjab in Pakistan: Farmers Perception and Satisfaction

Authors

  • Muhammad Usman Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author
  • Muhammad Wasim Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author
  • Rao Bahkat Yawar Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, National University of Modern Languages (NUML) Rawalpindi Branch, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00060

Keywords:

Climatic Challenges, Agriculture Output, Farmers Perception, Farmers Satisfaction, Principle Component Analysis

Abstract

Climate factors are pivotal for agriculture productivity and unremittingly climatic change are really harmful for agriculture productivity. Farm level adaptation measures preforms effective role to cope up with climate challenges. This research aims to focus on the farmers’ perception and awareness about climate changes and their vulnerable impacts on agriculture productivity. Additionally, this research also explore the farmer’s satisfaction on adaptation strategies to handle the climate change in Punjab, Pakistan. The 360 respondents were selected to get the questionnaire based data from the farmers located in Punjab province. The survey is conduct through multi-stage, random, and convenient sampling procedure for face to face interviews. For empirical analysis, this research was applied frequency analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) through factor analysis to account the farmers’ perception about climate change and satisfaction on adaptive measures. The results show that younger farmers have more knowledge about climate change and adaptation measures. The empirical results indicates that climate change increases the vulnerability of farmers and reducing the per hectare yield over the time. Variation in temperature, pattern of precipitation, mutable sowing and harvesting time creates alarming situation for agriculture productivity in Punjab, Pakistan. Most of the farmers are not happy with and demanding heat resistant and drought resistant seed varieties. Agriculture extension services are fails to increase the farmer’s perception and satisfaction about climate change. The results show that farmer are not satisfied with performance of climate resilient institutions of Punjab, government laws and regulation, public private partnership (PPP), the efforts of Research Institutions and NGOs, initiatives of international organizations, community level interventions and poor climate resilient funds. It is recommended that government, research institutions and climate resilient instructions should focus on to educate the farmers and predict new sowing and harvesting patterns, water technology, introduce the new climate zones and suitable crops for particular zone.

References

Abbas, Q., Han, J., Bakhsh, K., Ullah, R., Kousar, R., Adeel, A., & Akhtar, A. (2022). Adaptation to climate change risks among dairy farmers in Punjab, Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 119, 106184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106184

Abbas, S. (2020). Climate change and cotton production: an empirical investigation of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29580-29588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09222-0

Abid, M., Scheffran, J., Schneider, U. A., & Elahi, E. (2019). Farmer perceptions of climate change, observed trends and adaptation of agriculture in Pakistan. Environmental management, 63, 110-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1113-7

Abid, M., Schilling, J., Scheffran, J., & Zulfiqar, F. (2016). Climate change vulnerability, adaptation and risk perceptions at farm level in Punjab, Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 547, 447-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.125

Ahsan, F., Chandio, A. A., & Fang, W. (2020). Climate change impacts on cereal crops production in Pakistan: evidence from cointegration analysis. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(2), 257-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2019-0020

Ali, A., & Audi, M. (2016). The Impact of Income Inequality, Environmental Degradation and Globalization on Life Expectancy in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 4 (4), 182-193.

Ali, A., & Erenstein, O. (2017). Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Climate Risk Management, 16, 183-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001

Ali, A., Audi, M., Bibi, C., & Roussel, Y. (2021). The Impact of Gender Inequality and Environmental Degradation on Human Well-being in the Case of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(2), 92-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8415

Ali, A., Audi, M., Senturk, I., & Roussel, Y. (2022). Do Sectoral Growth Promote CO2 Emissions in Pakistan? Time Series Analysis in Presence of Structural Break. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 410-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12738

Amir, S., Saqib, Z., Khan, M. I., Khan, M. A., Bokhari, S. A., Zaman-ul-Haq, M., & Majid, A. (2020). Farmers' Perceptions and Adaptation Practices to Climate Change in Rain-Fed Area: A Case Study From District Chakwal, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 57(2).

Andersson, E., & Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2018). Adaptation to climate change? Why business-as-usual remains the logical choice in Swedish forestry. Global Environmental Change, 48, 76-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.004

Arora, N. K. (2019). Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions. Environmental Sustainability, 2(2), 95-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-019-00078-w

Ashiq, S., Ali, A., & Siddique, H. M. A. (2023). Impact of Innovation on CO2 Emissions in South Asian Countries. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(2), 201-211.

Audi, M. & Ali, A. (2023). Unveiling the Role of Business Freedom to Determine Environmental Degradation in Developing countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(5), 157-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14656

Audi, M., & Ali, A. (2023). The role of environmental conditions and purchasing power parity in determining quality of life among big Asian cities. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(3), 292-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13583

Ayanlade, A., Oluwaranti, A., Ayanlade, O. S., Borderon, M., Sterly, H., Sakdapolrak, P., ... & Ayinde, A. F. (2022). Extreme climate events in sub-Saharan Africa: A call for improving agricultural technology transfer to enhance adaptive capacity. Climate Services, 27, 100311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2022.100311

Cobbinah, P. B., & Anane, G. K. (2016). Climate change adaptation in rural Ghana: indigenous perceptions and strategies. Climate and Development, 8(2), 169-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2015.1034228

Colin, M., Palhol, F., & Leuxe, A. (2016). Adaptation of transport infrastructures and networks to climate change. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 86-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.044

Comoé, H., & Siegrist, M. (2015). Relevant drivers of farmers’ decision behavior regarding their adaptation to climate change: a case study of two regions in Côte d’Ivoire. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 20, 179-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9486-7

Dang, H. L., Li, E., Nuberg, I., & Bruwer, J. (2019). Factors influencing the adaptation of farmers in response to climate change: A review. Climate and Development, 11(9), 765-774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2018.1562866

Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G., & Spence, A. (2017). Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Climatic Change, 140(2), 149-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1837-4

Dhanya, P., & Ramachandran, A. (2016). Farmers’ perceptions of climate change and the proposed agriculture adaptation strategies in a semi arid region of south India. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2015.1062031

Dore, M. H. (2005). Climate change and changes in global precipitation patterns: what do we know?. Environment international, 31(8), 1167-1181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.03.004

Engel, M. S., de Vasconcelos Segundo, E. H., & Zannin, P. H. T. (2014). Statistical analysis of a combination of objective and subjective environmental noise data using factor analysis and multinomial logistic regression. Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 28(2), 393-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0759-1

Fadina, A. M. R., & Barjolle, D. (2018). Farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change and their implications in the Zou Department of South Benin. Environments, 5(1), 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5010015

Fahad, S., & Wang, J. (2018). Farmers’ risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation to climate change in rural Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 79, 301-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.018

Fahad, S., & Wang, J. (2020). Climate change, vulnerability, and its impacts in rural Pakistan: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2), 1334-1338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06878-1

FAO (2020). Food and agriculture Organization, 2020. Available at Http://Www.Fao.Org/CountryShowcase/Item-Detail/En/C/1287824/

Feliciano, D., Hunter, C., Slee, B., & Smith, P. (2013). Selecting land-based mitigation practices to reduce GHG emissions from the rural land use sector: A case study of North East Scotland. Journal of environmental management, 120, 93-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.010

Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., & Dahe, Q. (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245

Gomez-Zavaglia, A., Mejuto, J. C., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2020). Mitigation of emerging implications of climate change on food production systems. Food Research International, 134, 109256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109256

Gujarati, D. (2012). Econometrics by example: Macmillan.

Hao, H., Geng, Y., Wang, H., & Ouyang, M. (2014). Regional disparity of urban passenger transport associated GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in China: a review. Energy, 68, 783-793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.008

Hassan, R. M., & Nhemachena, C. (2008). Determinants of African farmers’ strategies for adapting to climate change: Multinomial choice analysis. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2(311-2016-5521), 83-104.

Honda, Y., Kondo, M., McGregor, G., Kim, H., Guo, Y. L., Hijioka, Y., ... & Kovats, R. S. (2014). Heat-related mortality risk model for climate change impact projection. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 19, 56-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-013-0354-6

IFPRI (2022) International Food Policy Research Repor t available at https://www.ifpri.org/blog/climate-smart-agriculture-south-asia-promoting-sustainable-and-resilient-agriculture#:~:text=South%20Asia%20is%20one%20of,century%20due%20 to%20global%20warming.

Iglesias, A., & Garrote, L. (2015). Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe. Agricultural water management, 155, 113-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.014

Imran, H. M., Kala, J., Ng, A., & Muthukumaran, S. (2018). Effectiveness of green and cool roofs in mitigating urban heat island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne in southeast Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 393-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.179

Imran, M., Shrestha, R. P., & Datta, A. (2020). Comparing farmers’ perceptions of climate change with meteorological data in three irrigated cropping zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 2121-2140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0280-2

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Clima Change. (2019). Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. IPCC Special Reports. WMO, Geneva,

Jiang, L., Bao, A., Guo, H., & Ndayisaba, F. (2017). Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 599, 967-980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012

Kates, R. W., Travis, W. R., & Wilbanks, T. J. (2012). Transformational adaptation when incremental adaptations to climate change are insufficient. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(19), 7156-7161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115521109

Khan, I., Lei, H., Shah, I. A., Ali, I., Khan, I., Muhammad, I., . . . Javed, T. (2020). Farm households’ risk perception, attitude and adaptation strategies in dealing with climate change: Promise and perils from rural Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 91, 104395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104395

Khan, M. A., Khan, J. A., Ali, Z., Ahmad, I., & Ahmad, M. N. (2016). The challenge of climate change and policy response in Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5127-7

Khan, Y., Bin, Q., & Hassan, T. (2019). The impact of climate changes on agriculture export trade in Pakistan: Evidence from time‐series analysis. Growth and Change, 50(4), 1568-1589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12333

Kibue, G. W., Pan, G., Zheng, J., Zhengdong, L., & Mao, L. (2015). Assessment of climate change awareness and agronomic practices in an agricultural region of Henan Province, China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 379-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9546-5

Kim, K., Ha, S., & Kim, H. (2017). Using real options for urban infrastructure adaptation under climate change. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 40-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.152

Massey, E., & Huitema, D. (2016). The emergence of climate change adaptation as a new field of public policy in Europe. Regional Environmental Change, 16(2), 553-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0771-8

Masud, M. M., Azam, M. N., Mohiuddin, M., Banna, H., Akhtar, R., Alam, A. F., & Begum, H. (2017). Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 698-706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.060

McDonald, R. P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods: Psychology Press.

Mir, K. A., Purohit, P., & Mehmood, S. (2017). Sectoral assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in Pakistan. Environmental Science and pollution research, 24(35), 27345-27355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0354-y

Moser, S. C., & Luers, A. L. (2008). Managing climate risks in California: the need to engage resource managers for successful adaptation to change. Climatic Change, 87(1), 309-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-007-9384-7

Mukasa, A. N., Woldemichael, A. D., Salami, A. O., & Simpasa, A. M. (2017). Africa’s agricultural transformation: Identifying priority areas and overcoming challenges. Africa Economic Brief, 8(3), 1-16.

Muralikrishnan, L., Padaria, R. N., Choudhary, A. K., Dass, A., Shokralla, S., El-Abedin, T. K. Z., ... & Elansary, H. O. (2022). Climate Change-Induced Drought Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation Measures in Semi-Arid Pastoral and Agricultural Watersheds. Sustainability, 14(1), 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010006

Nawrotzki, R. J., Hunter, L. M., Runfola, D. M., & Riosmena, F. (2015). Climate change as a migration driver from rural and urban Mexico. Environmental Research Letters, 10(11), 114023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114023

Ngo, H., Vo, D. C., Ebi, K. L., & Hagopian, A. (2022). Health trade-offs in pursuit of livelihood security: exploring the intersection of climate, migration and health from the perspective of Mekong Delta migrants in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Climate and Development, 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2022.2077691

Park, S. E., Marshall, N. A., Jakku, E., Dowd, A. M., Howden, S. M., Mendham, E., & Fleming, A. (2012). Informing adaptation responses to climate change through theories of transformation. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 115-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.003

Pecl, G. T., Ogier, E., Jennings, S., van Putten, I., Crawford, C., Fogarty, H., ... & Tracey, S. (2019). Autonomous adaptation to climate-driven change in marine biodiversity in a global marine hotspot. Ambio, 48(12), 1498-1515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01186-x

Praveen, B., & Sharma, P. (2019). A review of literature on climate change and its impacts on agriculture productivity. Journal of Public Affairs, 19(4), e1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1960

Rahman, H. T., & Hickey, G. M. (2019). What does autonomous adaptation to climate change have to teach public policy and planning about avoiding the risks of maladaptation in Bangladesh?. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7, 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00002

Ruane, A. C., Major, D. C., Winston, H. Y., Alam, M., Hussain, S. G., Khan, A. S., . . . Horton, R. M. (2013). Multi-factor impact analysis of agricultural production in Bangladesh with climate change. Global environmental change, 23(1), 338-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.09.001

Saleh, M., & Hashemian, L. (2022). Addressing Climate Change Resilience in Pavements: Major Vulnerability Issues and Adaptation Measures. Sustainability, 14(4), 2410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042410

Savari, M., Damaneh, H. E., & Damaneh, H. E. (2022). Drought vulnerability assessment: Solution for risk alleviation and drought management among Iranian farmers. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 67, 102654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102654

Schneider, P., & Asch, F. (2020). Rice production and food security in Asian Mega deltas—A review on characteristics, vulnerabilities and agricultural adaptation options to cope with climate change. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 206(4), 491-503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12415

Shaffril, H. A. M., Idris, K., Sahharon, H., Samah, A. A., & Samah, B. A. (2020). Adaptation towards climate change impacts among highland farmers in Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(20), 25209-25219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08987-8

Shahbaz, P., & Boz, I. (2022). Linking climate change adaptation practices with farm technical efficiency and fertilizer use: A study of wheat–maize mix cropping zone of Punjab province, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12), 16925-16938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16844-5

Shikuku, K. M., Winowiecki, L., Twyman, J., Eitzinger, A., Perez, J. G., Mwongera, C., & Läderach, P. (2017). Smallholder farmers’ attitudes and determinants of adaptation to climate risks in East Africa. Climate risk management, 16, 234-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.001

Smucker, T. A., Wisner, B., Mascarenhas, A., Munishi, P., Wangui, E. E., Sinha, G., . . . Lovell, E. (2015). Differentiated livelihoods, local institutions, and the adaptation imperative: Assessing climate change adaptation policy in Tanzania. Geoforum, 59, 39-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.11.018

Stedman, R. C. (2004). Risk and climate change: perceptions of key policy actors in Canada. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(5), 1395-1406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00534.x

Sultana, H., Ali, N., Iqbal, M. M., & Khan, A. M. (2009). Vulnerability and adaptability of wheat production in different climatic zones of Pakistan under climate change scenarios. Climatic Change, 94(1-2), 123-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9559-5

Syed, A., Raza, T., Bhatti, T. T., & Eash, N. S. (2022). Climate Impacts on the agricultural sector of Pakistan: Risks and solutions. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100433

Tamoffo, A. T., Weber, T., Akinsanola, A. A., & Vondou, D. A. (2023). Projected changes in extreme rainfall and temperature events and possible implications for Cameroon's socio‐economic sectors. Meteorological Applications, 30(2), e2119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2119

Thomas, D. S., Twyman, C., Osbahr, H., & Hewitson, B. (2007). Adaptation to climate change and variability: farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa. Climatic change, 83(3), 301-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9205-4

Thornton, T. F., & Comberti, C. (2017). Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation, mitigation and development. Climatic Change, 140, 5-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0884-3

Trinh, T. Q., Rañola Jr, R. F., Camacho, L. D., & Simelton, E. (2018). Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in agricultural production in the central region of Vietnam. Land use policy, 70, 224-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.023

Tripathi, A., & Mishra, A. K. (2017). Knowledge and passive adaptation to climate change: An example from Indian farmers. Climate Risk Management, 16, 195-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.002

Uddin, M. N., Islam, A. S., Bala, S. K., Islam, G. T., Adhikary, S., Saha, D., . . . Akter, R. (2019). Mapping of climate vulnerability of the coastal region of Bangladesh using principal component analysis. Applied geography, 102, 47-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.12.011

Usman, M., Hameed, G., Saboor, A., Almas, L. K., & Hanif, M. (2021). R&d innovation adoption, climatic sensitivity, and absorptive ability contribution for agriculture tfp growth in Pakistan. Agriculture, 11(12), 1206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121206

Usman, M.., Hameed, G., Saboor, A.., & Almas, L. K. (2021). Research and Development Spillover, Irrigation Water Use and Agricultural Production in Pakistan. WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev, 17, 840-858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.79

Wang, Z., Jia, H., Xu, T., & Xu, C. (2018). Manufacturing industrial structure and pollutant emission: an empirical study of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 197, 462-471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.092

Wold, S., Esbensen, K., & Geladi, P. (1987). Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and intelligent laboratory systems, 2(1-3), 37-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(87)80084-9

Woodruff, S. C., & Stults, M. (2016). Numerous strategies but limited implementation guidance in US local adaptation plans. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 796-802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3012

Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in quantitative methods for psychology, 9(2), 79-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079

Yulandari, E. D., Murayama, T., & Nishikizawa, S. (2023). Climate change adaptation through policy integration by local governments in Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 28(1), 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10039-0

Zobeidi, T., Yaghoubi, J., & Yazdanpanah, M. (2022). Farmers’ incremental adaptation to water scarcity: An application of the model of private proactive adaptation to climate change (MPPACC). Agricultural Water Management, 264, 107528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107528

Downloads

Published

2023-10-20

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Usman, M. ., Wasim, M. ., & Yawar, R. B. . (2023). Assessing the Economic Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture in Punjab in Pakistan: Farmers Perception and Satisfaction. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(3), 501-518. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00060