Socio-Religious and Political Activism of Pakistani Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Between Progress and Prejudice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00464Keywords:
Migration, Diaspora, Identity, prejudice, assimilation. Cultural Shock, Discrimination, ExtremismAbstract
Pakistan Diaspora in Canada shares Muslim Identity, South Asian outlook and Punjabi dialect; obviously, it turns out to be an effective section of Canadian Community with a prominent position among the political, economic and social circle. However certain cultural marks associated Pakistani community are inhibitive in the long run assimilative process that create an inertness at the inter communal and intra communal level; that inadvertently generate a regressive impact on the progress of Pakistan diaspora. However, the Economic vibrancy on the part of Pakistani community is very crucial in terms of its impact on Pakistan economic condition and the upward mobilization of Pakistani society. There still required a balanced approach for the sake of accruing maximum benefits out of Pakistan expatriate community.
References
Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Autio, E., Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2015). The global entrepreneurship and development index. Global entrepreneurship and development index 2014, 39-64.
Agrawal, S. K. (2013). Economic disparities among South Asian immigrants in Canada. South Asian Diaspora, 5(1), 7-34.
Ahmed, T. (2016). Language choices of Pakistani Canadians in the Peel region. University of Toronto (Canada).
Amarasingam, A. (2015). Pain, pride, and politics: Social movement activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in Canada (Vol. 22). University of Georgia Press.
Anderson, B. (1998). Long-distance nationalism. The spectre of comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the world, 58, 74-88.
Azmi, S. H. (2000). A Movement or a Jamāʿat? Tablīghī Jamāʿat in Canada. In Travellers in Faith (pp. 222-239). Brill.
Barabantseva, E., & Sutherland, C. (2011). Diaspora and citizenship: Introduction. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17(1), 1-13.
Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’diaspora. Ethnic and racial studies, 28(1), 1-19.
Chang, K. (2009). Circulating Race and Empire: Transnational Labor Activism and the Politics of Anti-Asian Agitation in the Anglo-American Pacific World, 1880–1910. The Journal of American History, 96(3), 678-701.
Chaudhary, A. R., & Guarnizo, L. E. (2016). Pakistani immigrant organisational spaces in Toronto and New York City. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(6), 1013-1035.
Choudhry, U. K. (2001). Uprooting and resettlement experiences of South Asian immigrant women. Western journal of nursing research, 23(4), 376-393.
Cohen, N. (2017). Diaspora strategies: Actors, members, and spaces. Geography Compass, 11(3), e12308.
Erdal, M. B. (2016). Juxtaposing Pakistani diaspora policy with migrants’ transnational citizenship practices. Geoforum, 76, 1-10.
Fisher, R. A. (1974). Indian-European relations in British Columbia: 1774-1890 (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia).
Gamlen, A. (2008). The emigration state and the modern geopolitical imagination. Political Geography, 27(8), 840-856.
Gamlen, A. (2014). Diaspora institutions and diaspora governance. International Migration Review, 48, S180-S217.
Gualtieri, A. R. (2004). Ahmadis: Community, Gender, and Politics in a Muslim Society. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP.
Guo, S. (2018). Researching transnational migration and lifelong learning. The Palgrave international handbook on adult and lifelong education and learning, 667-686.
Gupta, T. D. (1994). Political economy of gender, race, and class: Looking at South Asian immigrant women in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 26(1).
Haider, H. (2015). Radicalisation of diaspora communities. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
Hamel, C. E. (2002). Muslim diaspora in Western Europe: The Islamic headscarf (hijab), the media and Muslims' integration in France. Citizenship studies, 6(3), 293-308.
Hoffman, B. (2007). The Radicalization of Diasporas and Terrorism: A joint conference by the RAND corporation and the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich (Vol. 229). Rand Corporation.
Jibeen, T., & Hynie, M. (2012). Perceptions of autonomy and life satisfaction in Pakistani married immigrant women in Toronto, Canada. Sex roles, 67, 1-16.
Johnston, H. (2005). Group identity in an emigrant worker community: The example of Sikhs in early twentieth-century British Columbia. BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly, (148), 3-23.
Joppke, C. (1998). Immigration challenges the nation-state. Challenge to the nation-state: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States, 5-46.
Lichtenstadter, I. (1958). Islam and the modern age: an analysis and an appraisal. Ardent Media.
Model, S., & Lin, L. (2002). The cost of not being Christian: Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims in Britain and Canada. International Migration Review, 36(4), 1061-1092.
Naqvi-Sherazee, A. (2008). The turn to a'neo-revivalist'religious identity as a form of'self-othering'.
Naujoks, D. (2015). The securitization of dual citizenship. National security concerns and the making of the overseas citizenship of India. Diaspora Studies, 8(1), 18-36.
Nijhawan, M. (2016). The precarious diasporas of Sikh and Ahmadiyya generations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nijhawan, M. (2019). Constructing a genuine religious character: the impact of the asylum court on the Ahmadiyya community in Germany. Religious Individualisation: Historical Dimensions and Comparative Perspectives.
Nijhawan, M. (2019). Constructing a genuine religious character: the impact of the asylum court on the Ahmadiyya community in Germany. Religious Individualisation: Historical Dimensions and Comparative Perspectives.
Oreopoulos, P., & Dechief, D. (2012). Why do some employers prefer to interview Matthew, but not Samir? New evidence from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. New Evidence from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver (February 2012).
Paras, A. (2012). CIDA's secular fiction and Canadian faith-based Organisations. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement, 33(2), 231-249.
Passel, J. S. (2011). Demography of immigrant youth: Past, present, and future. The future of Children, 19-41.
Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (2002). Colour my world: have earnings gaps for Canadian-born ethnic minorities changed over time?. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de politiques, 489-512.
Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (2011). Color by numbers: Minority earnings in Canada 1995–2005. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 12(3), 305-329.
Qaisrani, A. A. (2022). Reaching out, inviting in: Pakistan's approach to diaspora engagement. Migration and Development, 11(3), 501-520.
Qureshi, R. (1972). Ethnomusicological research among Canadian communities of Arab and East Indian origin. Ethnomusicology, 381-396.
Reitz, J. G., & Banerjee, R. (2007). Racial inequality, social cohesion and policy issues in Canada (p. 277). Canada: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
Robinson, L. (2009). Cultural identity and acculturation preferences among South Asian adolescents in Britain: An exploratory study. Children & Society, 23(6), 442-454.
Ruby, T. F. (2006, January). Listening to the voices of hijab. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 54-66). Pergamon.
Sheffer, G. (2013). Diasporas and terrorism. In The roots of terrorism (pp. 117-129). Routledge.
Shuval, J. T. (2000). Diaspora migration: Definitional ambiguities and a theoretical paradigm. International migration, 38(5), 41-56.
Swidinsky, R., & Swidinsky, M. (2002). The relative earnings of visible minorities in Canada: New evidence from the 1996 census. Relations industrielles, 57(4), 630-659.
Tanveer, R. (2020). Ahmadiyya and secularism: Religious persecution at home affects endorsement for secular values in Canada.
Tyrer, D., & Ahmad, F. (2006). Muslim women and higher education: Identities, experiences and prospects. A Summary Report, Liverpool John Moores University and European Social Fund, Liverpool.
Ullah, H. K. (2013). Vying for Allah's vote: Understanding Islamic parties, political violence, and extremism in Pakistan. Georgetown University Press.
Wakil, S. P., Siddique, C. M., & Wakil, F. A. (1981). Between two cultures: A study in socialization of children of immigrants. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 929-940.
Walter, H. A. (1918). The Aḥmadīya Movement (Vol. 2). Association Press.
Weinar, A. (2017). From emigrants to free movers: whither European emigration and diaspora policy?. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(13), 2228-2246.
Yousef, K. (2013). The vicious circle of irregular migration from Pakistan to Greece and back to Pakistan. IRMA research project, background report on Pakistan, ELIAMEP, Athens (Available in English and Greek from: http://irma. eliamep. gr/publications/).
