Stigmatization and Death Anxiety among Cancer Patients: Mediating role of Religiosity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00587Keywords:
Stigmatization, death anxiety, religiosityAbstract
Cancer stigmatization plays a significant role in predicting death anxiety among patients. Religiosity may serve as a personal resource of support and consolation when people face death anxiety. The current study was conducted to investigate the mediating effect of religiosity between the relationship of stigmatization and death anxiety. Correlational research design was used. Data were collected by administering a survey with the help of Questionnaires. Sample of 50 cancer patents were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Cancer Stigma Scale (Marlow & Wardle, 2014), Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970) and Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale (AlMarri et al., 2009) were used to measure research variables. Findings suggest that death anxiety is significantly positively correlated with stigmatization. Moreover, study reveals that cancer stigma is a significant positive predictor of death anxiety. In addition, religiosity significantly mediates the relationship of stigmatization and fear of death. Furthermore, men and women are both experiencing cancer-related stigmatization in Pakistan. However, women face a higher level of stigmatization and higher fear of death than men. It is recommended the practice of religiosity, because it can serve as a coping mechanism for death anxiety and reduce feelings of stigma.
References
Abdollahi, A., Panahipour, H., Allen, K. A., & Hosseinian, S. (2021). Effects of death anxiety on perceived stress in individuals with multiple sclerosis and the role of self-transcendence. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 84(1), 91-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222819880714
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of personality and social psychology, 5(4), 432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.5.4.432
AlMarri, T. S., Oei, T. P., & Al-Adawi, S. (2009). The development of the short Muslim practice and belief scale. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 12(5), 415-426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802637643
Badar, F., & Mahmood, S. (2023). Cancer in Lahore, Pakistan, 2010–2019: an incidence study. BMJ open, 11(8), e047049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047049
Darvyri, P., Galanakis, M., Avgoustidis, A. G., Pateraki, N., Vasdekis, S., & Darviri, C. (2014). The revised intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation scale in a sample of Attica’s inhabitants. Psychology, 5(13), 1557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.513166
Ernst, J., Mehnert, A., Dietz, A., Hornemann, B., & Esser, P. (2017). Perceived stigmatization and its impact on quality of life-results from a large register-based study including breast, colon, prostate and lung cancer patients. BMC cancer, 17, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3742-2
Exline, J. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t36191-000
Gonen, G., Kaymak, S. U., Cankurtaran, E. S., Karslioglu, E. H., Ozalp, E., & Soygur, H. (2012). The factors contributing to death anxiety in cancer patients. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 30(3), 347-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2012.664260
Henrie, J., & Patrick, J. H. (2014). Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 78(3), 203-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.78.3.a
Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The centrality of religiosity scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710-724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710
Khan, N., Kausar, R., Khalid, A., & Farooq, A. (2015). Gender differences among discrimination & stigma experienced by depressive patients in Pakistan. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 31(6), 1432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.316.8454
Manzoor, Z., Suleman, M., & Hussain, A. (2024). Stigmatization and Fear of Death Predicted Psychological Burden of Cancer Patients. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00202
Marlow, L. A., & Wardle, J. (2014). Development of a scale to assess cancer stigma in the non-patient population. BMC cancer, 14, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-285
Masror Roudsary, D., Lehto, R. H., Sharif Nia, H., & Kohestani, D. (2022). The relationship between religious orientation and death anxiety in Iranian Muslim patients with cancer: The mediating role of hope. Journal of religion and health, 61(2), 1437-1450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01487-0
Mushtaque, I., Awais-E-Yazdan, M., Zahra, R., & Anas, M. (2024). Quality of life and illness acceptance among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis: The moderating effect of death anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 89(2), 567-586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221075202
Mushtaque, I., Rizwan, M., Abbas, M., Khan, A. A., Fatima, S. M., Jaffri, Q. A., ... & Muneer, K. (2024). Inter-parental conflict’s persistent effects on adolescent psychological distress, adjustment issues, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 lockdown. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying, 88(3), 919-935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211054316
Nawaz, M. A., Saeed, L., & Mushtaque, I. (2021). Mediating role of spousal support on internalized stigma and marital satisfaction among depressive patients. Review of Education, Administration & LAW, 4(4), 561-572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i4.207
Ruiz-Rodríguez, I., Hombrados-Mendieta, I., Melguizo-Garín, A., & Martos-Méndez, M. J. (2022). The importance of social support, optimism and resilience on the quality of life of cancer patients. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 833176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.833176
Saleem, T., & Saleem, S. (2020). Religiosity and death anxiety: A study of Muslim dars attendees. Journal of religion and health, 59(1), 309-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00783-0
Sharif, S. P., Lehto, R. H., Nia, H. S., Goudarzian, A. H., Haghdoost, A. A., Yaghoobzadeh, A., ... & Nazari, R. (2018). Religious coping and death depression in Iranian patients with cancer: Relationships to disease stage. Supportive Care in Cancer, 26, 2571-2579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4088-2
Sherman, A. C., Plante, T. G., Simonton, S., Latif, U., & Anaissie, E. J. (2009). Prospective study of religious coping among patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. Journal of behavioral medicine, 32, 118-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9179-y
Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634
Thuné‐Boyle, I. C., Stygall, J., Keshtgar, M. R., Davidson, T. I., & Newman, S. P. (2013). Religious/spiritual coping resources and their relationship with adjustment in patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer in the UK. Psycho‐Oncology, 22(3), 646-658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3048
Weiss, J., Yang, H., Weiss, S., Rigney, M., Copeland, A., King, J. C., & Deal, A. M. (2017). Stigma, self-blame, and satisfaction with care among patients with lung cancer. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 35(2), 166-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2016.1228095
Wijeratne, D. T., Hammad, N., & Gyawali, B. (2020). Gender differences in outcomes of cancer patients with COVID: Signal or noise?. EClinicalMedicine, 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100535
Zamanian, H., Eftekhar-Ardebili, H., Eftekhar-Ardebili, M., Shojaeizadeh, D., Nedjat, S., Taheri-Kharameh, Z., & Daryaafzoon, M. (2015). Religious coping and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(17), 7721-7725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.17.7721
Zarzycka, B. (2014). The internal structure of the Polish adaptation of the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 17(4), 687-710.
Zarzycka, B., & Zietek, P. (2019). Spiritual growth or decline and meaning-making as mediators of anxiety and satisfaction with life during religious struggle. Journal of religion and health, 58, 1072-1086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0598-y