Socio-Economic Inclusion and Sustainable Economic Growth: An Evidence from Pakistan

Authors

  • Muhammad Atif Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author
  • Afaq Ali Khan Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author
  • Sibghatullah Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author
  • Saeed Ahmed Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author
  • Muhammad Yaqoob Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00192

Keywords:

GDP growth, Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Government Expenditure on Education, Current Health Expenditure, School Enrollment, Secondary

Abstract

Over 48 years (1975-2022), this research analyzes Pakistan's socio-economic inclusion and sustainable growth using data from PBS, SBP, and WDI. It examines GDP growth alongside healthcare expenditure, capital formation, education spending, employment, and school enrollment. Employing ARDL models and tests, it explores short and long-term dynamics, emphasizing the significance of healthcare, capital investment, education, and employment. The rigorous methodology ensures reliability, offering evidence-based policy recommendations crucial for fostering inclusive and enduring economic development. Additionally, it evaluates the impact of government expenditure on education and employment dynamics, highlighting their role in shaping economic progress and gender inclusivity in education.

References

Abdul kareem, H. K. K., Jimoh, S. O., & Shasi, O. M. (2022). Socioeconomic development and sustainable development in Nigeria: the roles of poverty reduction and social inclusion. Journal of Business and Socio-economic Development. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-10-2021-0137

Afzal, U., & Yusuf, A. (2013). The state of health in Pakistan: An overview. Lahore Journal of Economics, 18(Special Edition), 233–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a10

Ali, A. and Bibi, C. (2017). Determinants of Social Progress and its Scenarios under the role of Macroeconomic Instability: Empirics from Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 55 (2), 505-540.

Ali, A., Audi, M., Senturk, I., & Roussel, Y. (2022). Do sectoral growth promote CO2 emissions in Pakistan? time series analysis in presence of structural break. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 410-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12738

Ali, H. (2023, June 23). Poverty, Capital Formation, and Education: A Way towards Economic Growth Acceleration in Pakistan.

Ali, L., Saeed, D., & Ahmed, A. (2016). Analysis Of The Determinants Of Human Capital Formation In Pakistan. ResearchGate.

Ali, S. A., Jamil, R., & Economist, R. (2023). Infrastructure development and female labor force participation in Pakistan. Research Square (Research Square). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2413705/v1

Ani. (2021, June 22). Poverty in Pakistan rises to over 5% in 2020, estimates World Bank. www.business-standard.com.

Armeanu, D., Vintilă, G., & Gherghina, Ş. C. (2017). Empirical Study towards the Drivers of Sustainable Economic Growth in EU-28 Countries. Sustainability, 10(1), 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010004

Ashraf, M., Ahmed, F., & Rehman, S. (2023). Sustainable Economic Growth and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Empirical Evidence from Low & Lower Middle-Income Countries. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(1), 824–832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.182

Batool, S. A. (2020). Do Government Expenditures on Education and Health Lead Toward Economic Growth? Evidence from Pakistan.

Dhriti Mukherjee (2023). Election Commission to undertake delimitation. Five things to know.

George, A. S. (2023). Causes and consequences of Pakistan’s economic crisis. ResearchGate.

Gupta, S. (n.d.). 8 The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transition economies. IMF eLibrary.

Haider, I. (2014, May 25). Tough conditions keep youth from PM’s loan scheme. DAWN.COM.

Haider, S. Z., Amjad, M. U., Ullah, S., & Naveed, T. A. (2012). Role of infrastructure in economic growth: A case study of Pakistan. ResearchGate.

Hussain, T., Maitlo, S., Raza-ul-Mustafa, A., & Mujahid, H. (2022). Corruption, Governance, and Government Revenue. Journal of History and Social Sciences, 13(2), 122-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46422/jhss.v13i2.228

Javid, M. (2019). Public and private infrastructure investment and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An aggregate and Disaggregate analysis. Sustainability, 11(12), 3359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123359

Kalim, U. (2023). The impact of school resources on student enrollment: an empirical investigation of different category public schools in Pakistan. SN Social Sciences, 3(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00666-y

Kamal, M., Rauf, M., & Fatima, A. (2023). Sustainable employment and economic growth. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0458

Khan, F., & Toor, I. A. (2003). Changes in returns to education in Pakistan: 1990-2002. Lahore Journal of Economics, 8(2), 83–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2003.v8.i2.a5

Khan, I., Xue, J., Zaman, S., & Mehmood, Z. (2022). Nexus Between FDI, Economic Growth, Industrialization, and Employment Opportunities: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(3), 3153–3175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01006-w

Khan, N. A., Zafar, M., Okunlola, F. A., Zéman, Z., & Magda, R. (2022). Effects of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Sustainability, and Financial Efficiency: Evidence from the G20 Countries. Sustainability, 14(19), 12688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912688

Kieny, M. (2017). Strengthening health systems for universal health coverage and sustainable development. Retrieved from DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.187476

Mansha, M., Yang, X., ul Mustafa, A. R., & Nasim, M. M. (2022). Empirical Analytics of SAARC vs ASEAN in Perspective of Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. iRASD Journal of Economics, 4(2), 337-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2022.0402.0083

Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., Haq, M. Z. U., & Rehman, H. U. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193785

Mouneer, S., Ali, H., Hassan, M. U., & Naseer, S. (2023). Private Investment Decision-making, Foreign Direct Investment Nexus: a way forward to promote sustainable economic growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0452

Munir, N. I., & Satti, Z. W. (2023). Empirical analysis of the extended Solow model and foreign aid in Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 857–866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2023.1102.0396

Özyılmaz, A., Bayraktar, Y., Işık, E., Toprak, M., Er, M. B., Beşel, F., . . . Collins, S. (2022). The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in EU Countries: Empirical Evidence Using Panel Fourier Toda–Yamamoto Causality Test and Regression Models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215091

Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616

Privatization in the Land of Believers on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org.

Raihan, A. (2023). Nexus between information technology and economic growth: new insights from India. ideas.repec.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58567/jie01020003

Rehman, N., Andleeb, I., & Iqbal, M. (2023). Unraveling the gender gap: A comparative analysis of school enrollment and secondary education completion in Pakistan’s provinces. Journal of Research in Educational Sciences, 14(16), 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jres.v14.16.03

Sabri, R., Tabash, M. I., Rahrouh, M., Alnaimat, B. H., Ayubi, S., & AsadUllah, M. (2023). Prediction of macroeconomic variables of Pakistan: Combining classic and artificial network smoothing methods. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 9(2), 100079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100079

SaleemRahpota, M. a. P. &. P. S. &. (2018). Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP): Its benefits and implications. ideas.repec.org.

Sarwar, S., Alsaggaf, M. I., & Ting-Qiu, C. (2019). Nexus among economic growth, education, health, and Environment: Dynamic Analysis of World-Level data. Frontiers in Public Health, 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00307

Seke, K., Petrović, N., Jeremić, V., Vukmirović, J., Kilibarda, B., & Martić, M. (2013). Sustainable development and public health: rating European countries. BMC Public Health, 13(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-77

Self, S., & Grabowski, R. (2004). Does education at all levels cause growth? India, a case study. Economics of Education Review, 23(1), 47–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7757(03)00045-1

Sohail, H. M., Ullah, M., Sohag, K., & Ullah, M. (2022). Response of Pakistan’s economic growth to macroeconomic variables: an asymmetric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(13), 36557–36572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24677-z

Surahio, M. K., Gu, S., Mahesar, H. A., & Soomro, M. M. (2022). China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Macro Environmental Factors and Security Challenges. SAGE Open, 12(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079821

Tabar, F. J. (n.d.). The Impact Of Educational Expenditures Of Government On Economic Growth Of Iran.

Taghvaee, V. M., Arani, A. A., Nodehi, M., Shirazi, J. K., Agheli, L., Ghojogh, H. M. N., . . . Rahbarian, H. A. (2023). Sustainable development goals: transportation, health and public policy. Review of Economic and Political Science, 8(2), 134–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-12-2019-0168

ul Mustafa, A. R., Abro, A. A., Hussain, T., & Ali, S. R. (2021). Populism, seigniorage and inequality dilemma in perspective of Pakistan. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 25, 1-14.

Ul-Haq, J., Ashraf, I., Cheema, A. R., Hye, Q. M. A., & Visas, H. (2023). The relationship between trade liberalization and gender disparity in education: Evidence from Pakistan. NURTURE, 17(3), 180–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v17i3.291

Welcome to ASER Pakistan | Education in Pakistan | Annual Status of Education Report. (n.d.).

Xu, D., Abbasi, K. R., Hussain, K., Albaker, A., Almulhim, A. I., & Alvarado, R. (2023). Analyzing the factors contribute to achieving sustainable development goals in Pakistan: A novel policy framework. Energy Strategy Reviews, 45, 101050.

Xu, D., et al. (2023). Energy Strategy Reviews, 45, 101050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.101050

Downloads

Published

2024-03-06

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Atif, M. ., Khan, A. A. ., Sibghatullah, Ahmed, S. ., & Yaqoob, M. . (2024). Socio-Economic Inclusion and Sustainable Economic Growth: An Evidence from Pakistan. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 13(1). https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00192