Exports, FDI Inflows, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Evidence from Singapore
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00280Keywords:
Economic Growth, Exports, FDI Inflows, Renewable Energy, ARDL, SingaporeAbstract
The present study captures the impact of exports; FDI inflows and renewable energy on economic growth of Singapore economy by covering time period 1989-2022 in the context of Cobb-Douglas production function. This study applies ARDL approach for obtaining empirical results. The estimated results will further be tested by taking most of the diagnostic tests to make check whether the results are robust or not. The findings of this study reveal that exports; FDI inflows and renewable energy have a positive and statistically significant impact on the economic growth. However, short run impact of renewable energy is witnessed as insignificant while exports and FDI inflows contribute significantly in boosting economic growth. Moreover, labor and capital also play a positive role in enhancing economic growth. Based on these findings; this study suggests that exports; FDI inflows, and renewable energy may be given more importance by expanding their size if domestic production in Singapore is required to be increased.
References
Alharthi, M., & Hanif, I. (2020). Impact of blue economy factors on economic growth in the SAARC countries. Maritime Business Review. 5(3), 253-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-01-2020-0006
AlNemer, H. A., Hkiri, B., & Tissaoui, K. (2023). Dynamic impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on CO2 emission and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: Fresh evidence from wavelet coherence analysis. Renewable Energy, 209, 340-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.03.084
Apinran, M. O., Usman, N., Akadiri, S. S., & Onuzo, C. I. (2022). The role of electricity consumption, capital, labor force, carbon emissions on economic growth: implication for environmental sustainability targets in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(11), 15955-15965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16584-6
Ashiq, S., Ali, A., & Siddique, H. M. A. (2023). Impact of Innovation on CO2 Emissions in South Asian Countries. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(2), 201-211.
Audi, M., Poulin, M., & Ali, A. (2024). Environmental Impact of Business Freedom and Renewable Energy: A Global Perspective. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(3), 672–683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.16007
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (1994, June). Sources of economic growth. In Carnegie-Rochester conference series on public policy (Vol. 40, pp. 1-46). North-Holland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2231(94)90002-7
BAŞEĞMEZ, H. (2021). Estimation Of Cobb–Douglas Production Function for Developing Countries. Journal of Research in Business, 6(1), 54-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29228/JRB.3
Chen, C., Pinar, M., & Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139, 111295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295
Ciobanu, A. M. (2021). The impact of FDI on economic growth in case of Romania. International journal of economics and finance, 12(12), 1-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n12p81
Farhadi, M., & Zhao, L. (2024). Exploring the Impact of Iran-China Trade on Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Energy and Environmental Policy Options, 7(1), 1-8.
Fazaalloh, A. M. (2024). FDI and economic growth in Indonesia: A provincial and sectoral analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 13(1), 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-023-00323-w
Fischer, S. (1993). The role of macroeconomic factors in growth. Journal of monetary economics, 32(3), 485-512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(93)90027-D
Gozgor, G. (2018). A new approach to the renewable energy-growth nexus: evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(17), 16590-16600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1858-9
Gozgor, G., Lau, C. K. M., & Lu, Z. (2018). Energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from the OECD countries. Energy, 153, 27-34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.158
Hanif, I. (2018). Impact of economic growth, nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption, and urbanization on carbon emissions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(15), 15057-15067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1753-4
Hanif, I., & Gago-de Santos, P. (2017). Impact of fiscal decentralization on private savings in a developing country: Some empirical evidence for the case of Pakistan. Journal of South Asian Development, 12(3), 259-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0260107917735403
Hanif, I., Chaudhry, I. S., & Wallace, S. (2014). Fiscal autonomy and economic growth nexus: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 34(2), 767-780.
Hanif, I., Wallace, S., & Gago-de-Santos, P. (2020). Economic growth by means of fiscal decentralization: an empirical study for federal developing countries. SAGE Open, 10(4), 2158244020968088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020968088
Huang, Y., Raza, S. M. F., Hanif, I., Alharthi, M., Abbas, Q., & Zain-ul-Abidin, S. (2020). The role of forest resources, mineral resources, and oil extraction in economic progress of developing Asian economies. Resources Policy, 69, 101878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101878
Iqbal, A., Tang, X., & Rasool, S. F. (2023). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, FDI, exports and economic growth: evidence from BRICS countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(3), 2234-2263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02128-6
Islam, M. S. (2021). Ready-made garments exports earning and its contribution to economic growth in Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 86(3), 1301-1309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10131-0
Kala, G., Masbar, R., & Syahnur, S. (2018). The Effect of exchange rate, inflation, capital and labor force on economic growth in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik Indonesia, 5(1), 35-50
Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root? Journal of econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Majumder, S. C., & Rahman, M. H. (2020). Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth of China after economic reform. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 8(2), 120-153.
Nazli, A., Siddiqui, R., & Hanif, I. (2018). Trade reforms and productivity growth in manufacturing industries of Pakistan. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 4(2), 199-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i2.404
Nguyen, L. T. H. (2022). Impacts of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Vietnam. Journal of Economic and Banking Studies, 4, 01-15.
Öncel, A., Saidmurodov, S., & Kutlar, A. (2024). Financial development, export and economic growth: Panel data evidence from Commonwealth of Independent States. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 33(1), 29-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2022.2164045
Pesaran MH, Richard J, Shin Y (2001) Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. J Appl Econom 16(3), 289-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
Romer, P. M. (1990). Capital, labor, and productivity. Brookings papers on economic activity. Microeconomics, 1990, 337-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2534785
Roussel, Y., & Audi, M. (2024). Exploring the Nexus of Economic Expansion, Tourist Inflows, and Environmental Sustainability in Europe. Journal of Energy and Environmental Policy Options, 7(1), 28-36.
Sani, R. M., Sambodo, H., & Bambang, B. (2018). The Effect of Human Capital, Labors, and Capital on Economic Growth in Barlingmascakeb. Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 13(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.erjpe.2018.13.2.1172
Shahbaz, M., Raghutla, C., Chittedi, K. R., Jiao, Z., & Vo, X. V. (2020). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index. Energy, 207, 118162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118162
Tawari, N. (2024). Examining the Demand-Pull Factors of Household Electricity Consumption in Delhi. Journal of Energy and Environmental Policy Options, 7(1), 37-44.
Ullah, A., & Ali, A. (2024). Investigating Corruption, Income Inequality, and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Energy and Environmental Policy Options, 7(1), 9-18.
Wang, J., Hassan, M. S., Alharthi, M., Arshed, N., Hanif, I., & Saeed, M. I. (2022). Inspecting non-linear behavior of aggregated and disaggregated renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on GDP per capita in Pakistan. Energy Strategy Reviews, 39, 100772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100772
Wang, Q., & Wang, L. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A nonlinear panel data analysis. Energy, 207, 118200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118200
Wang, Q., Guo, J., & Dong, Z. (2021). The positive impact of official development assistance (ODA) on renewable energy development: evidence from 34 Sub-Saharan Africa Countries. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28, 532-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.007
Wang, Q., Li, S., & Pisarenko, Z. (2020). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency, oil price, environmental pressure, R&D investment, and policy on renewable energy--evidence from the G20 countries. Energy, 209, 118322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118322
World Bank (2024) World Development Indicators. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Yimer, A. (2023). The effects of FDI on economic growth in Africa. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 32(1), 2-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2022.2079709