Role of English Language as a Global and Economical Language Around the Globe: A Case of Kachru's Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00096Keywords:
Kachru’s Model, Three Circles, English Language, World Englishes, Lingua franca, Applied Linguistics, Socio Linguistics, Global Language, Economical Language, Multinational CorporationsAbstract
This paper attempts to examine 'World Englishes' (WE) with connectivity to English as an International Language (EIL), Applied Linguistics and socio-linguistics. In the light of Kachru's model of English Language in the late 20th century. This model has three circles, inner circle, where English is used as native language, Outer Circle, mostly former colonies of British Empire, such as Singapore, India, Kenya, Ghana, Malaysia, Pakistan and others, and 3rd is Expanding Circle, include countries in which English is known as Foreign Language in schools and universities, mostly for communication and business or economic purposes as well with Inner and Outer circles. The term "English language" refers to various interesting and notable features, patterns, or aspects of the English language. These phenomena can encompass a wide range of linguistic phenomena, including grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, syntax, idioms, and more. English holds significant importance around the world because English is the most widely spoken language globally. It serves as a common language of communication among people from different linguistic backgrounds. Proficiency in English enables individuals to connect with a broader range of people, both in personal and professional contexts. English is the language of international business and economics as well. It facilitates global trade, negotiations, and collaboration between companies and individuals from different countries. Proficiency in English enhances employability and career opportunities, particularly in multinational corporations and industries with international reach. It recognizes the importance of both native and non-native varieties of English and acknowledges that each circle has its own linguistic norms, purposes, and language development. The study informs us that Kachru was an original thinker not in the field of English Language including applied linguistics, multilingualism, bilingualism, language policy, language creativity, code mixing, code switching, cross-cultural communication, sociolinguistics but also in the domain of politics of language and so many other issues including cross-cultural awareness.
References
Al Mutairi, F. (2020). Hyperhomocysteinemia: clinical insights. Journal of central nervous system disease, 12, 1179573520962230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1179573520962230
Berns, M. (2019). Expanding on the expanding Englishes of the expanding circle. World Englishes, 38(1-2), 8-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12361
Bolton, K. (2004). World Englishes. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 367-396). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757000.ch15
Bolton,K.,&Kachru,B.B.(Eds.).(2004).WorldEnglishes:Criticalconceptsinlinguistics. London: Routledge.
Bolton,K.,&Kachru,B.B.(Eds.).(2006).AsianEnglishes.London/NewYork:Routledg.
Booij, Geert. 2001. English as the lingua franca of Europe: A Dutch perspective. Lingua e Stile 36(2).347–357.
Dasselaar, Linda, Frank van Meurs, Rob le Pair, & Hubert Korzilius. 2005. Het effect van het gebruik van Engels op websites voor Nederlandse jongeren [The effect of the use of English on websites for Dutch youngsters]. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 74(2), 81–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.74.08das
Edwards, Alison. 2010. Dutch English: Tolerable, taboo, or about time too? English Today 26(1). 19–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078409990563
Etzel, C. J., Kachroo, S., Liu, M., D'Amelio, A., Dong, Q., Cote, M. L., ...& Spitz, M. R. (2008). Development and validation of a lung cancer risk prediction model for African-Americans. Cancer Prevention Research, 1(4), 255-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0082
Ferguson, Gibson, Carmen Pe´rez-Llantada, &Ramo´n Plo. 2011. English asan international language of scientific publication: A study of attitudes. World Englishes 30(1), 41–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2010.01656.x
Gerritsen, M., Van Meurs, F., Planken, B., &Korzilius, H. (2016).A reconsideration of the status of English in the Netherlands within the Kachruvian Three Circles model. World Englishes, 35(3), 457-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12206
Gerritsen, Marinel, Catherine Nickerson, Andreu van Hooft, Frank van Meurs, Ulrike Nederstigt, Marianne Starren, & Rogier Crijns. 2007. English in product advertisements in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. World Englishes 26(3). 291–315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2007.00510.x
Gerritsen, Marinel, Catherine Nickerson, Andreu van Hooft, Frank van Meurs, Hubert Korzilius, Ulrike Nederstigt, Marianne Starren & Rogier Crijns. 2010. English in product advertisements in non-English-speaking countries in Western Europe: Product image and comprehension of the text. Journal of Global Marketing 23(4).349–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2010.504523
Gerritsen, Marinel, Hubert Korzilius, Frank Van Meurs, & Inge Gijsbers. 2000. English in Dutch commercials: Not understood and not appreciated. Journal of Advertising Research 40(3).17–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-40-4-17-31
Higgins, C. (2003). “Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An alternative to the NS‐NNS dichotomy. Tesol Quarterly, 37(4), 615-644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3588215
Iriye, A. (2002). Global community: The role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world. Univ of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520936126
Jansen, Frank. 2010a. Euro Shopper voortaan in het Engels?[Euro Shopper in English from now on?]Onze Taal 79(1). 31.
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2009. World Englishes: A resource book for students, 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 3(2), 250–251.
Kachru, B. B. (1967b). Language teaching: A scientific approach. Review article. Linguistics, 31, 87–107.
Kachru, B. B. (1969). Studies in sociolinguistics by A. Capell. Review article. Foundations of Language, 5(1), 140–148.
Kachru, B. B. (1971). English in India: A pan-Indian and international link. English around the World, (4), 1–7.
Kachru, B. B. (1975a). Toward structuring form and function of code-mixing: An Indian perspective. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 5(1), 74–92.
Kachru, B. B. (1975b). Lexical innovations in South Asian English.International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1975(4), 55–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1975.4.55
Kachru, B. B. (1976a). Indian English: A sociolinguistic profile of a transplanted language. Studies in Language Learning, 1(2), 2–52.
Kachru, B. B. (1976b). Models of English for the third world: White man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly, 10(2), 221–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3585643
Kachru, B. B. (1983a). Norms régionales de l’anglais. In É. Bédard & J. Maurais (Eds.), La norme linguistique (pp. 707–730).
Kachru, B. B. (1983a). The bilingual’s creativity: Discoursal and stylistic strategies in contact literatures in English. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 13(2), 37–55.
Kachru, B. B. (1983b). Models of new Englishes. In J. Cobarrubias & J. A. Fishman (Eds.), Progress in language planning DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820584.145
Kachru, B. B. (1983c). Meaning in deviation: Toward understanding non-native English texts. In N. B. Noss (Ed.), Varieties of English in Southeast Asia (pp. 27–49). Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1983c). Regional norms for English.Studies in Language Learning, special issue, 4(2), 54–67.
Kachru, B. B. (1983c). Standards and dialects in English edited by T. Shopen and J. Williams. Review article. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5(2), 255–257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004897
Kachru, B. B. (1984a). Current issues in bilingualism: An update of directions in research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026719050000177X
Kachru, B. B. (1984c). Language spread: Studies in diffusion and social change by Robert L. Cooper. Review article. Language, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/413812
Kachru, B. B. (1985) Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk and H.G. Widdowson (Eds), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). The bilinguals’creativity. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 6, 20–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500003032
Kachru, B. B. (1988b). The sacred cows of English.English Today, 4(4), 3–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400000973
Kachru, B. B. (1992b). Transfer in overgeneralization: Contrastive linguistics revisited. TESL Studies, 25, 1–14. Kachru, B. B. (1994b). Introduction.World Englishes, 13(2), 131–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00302.x
Kachru, B. B. (1994c). Englishization and contact linguistics. World Englishes, 13(2), 135–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00303.x
Kachru, B. B. (1995). Review: Multilingualism in India by Debi Prasanna Pattanayak. Language in Society, 24(4), 608–611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500019151
Kachru,B.B.(1983a).TheascentofselfbyB.N.Parimoo.Reviewarticle.TheJournalofAsianStudies,42(3),705–706. Kachru,B.B.(1983b).NewEnglisheseditedbyJohnPride.Reviewarticle.EnglishWorld-Wide,4(1),97–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2055575
Kachru,B.B.(1983b).Stylisticvariationintherepertoireofthebilingual/multilingualspeaker:Comments.RELCJournal,14(1), 84–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003368828301400106
Kachru,B.B.(1988a).TowardexpandingtheEnglishcanon:RajaRao’s1938credoforcreativity.WorldLiteratureToday,62(4), 582–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/40144514
Low, E. L. (2010). The acoustic reality of the Kachruvian circles: A rhythmic perspective. World Englishes, 29(3), 394-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2010.01662.x
Quirk, R. (1990).Languge varieties and standard language.English Today, 21, 3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400004454
Rao, P. S. (2019). The role of English as a global language. Research Journal of English, 4(1), 65-79.
Review article. World Englishes, 6(2), 177–178.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage.International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1972.10.1-4.209
Selinker, L. (1992). Rediscovering interlanguage. London: Longman.
Wansink,Henk.2014.Interview‘Universiteitblinktuitinopschepperij’[Interview‘Universityexcelsatboasting’].NRC Handelsblad 12 April,13.
Zenner, Eline, Dirk Speelman & Dirk Geeraerts. 2013. Macro and micro perspectives on the distribution of English in Dutch: A quantitative usage-based analysis of job ads. Linguistics 51(5).1019–1064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2013-0036
Zhang, H., Ke, Y., & Liu, H. (2022).Language policies and organizational features of international organizations. Language Problems and Language Planning, 46(1), 26-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.21028.zha
